Is the measles, rubella, mumps vaccine dangerous? When and why to do. Do adults need a measles vaccine? Measles vaccine can there be a temperature

Childhood diseases such as rubella, measles, parotitis are considered quite common. However, these pathologies are not so safe for babies who have not been vaccinated on time. After all, each such ailment is insidious in its own way and can lead to serious consequences. Vaccination a year allows you to protect your baby from possible complications. However, until today, many parents doubt its expediency. After all, on the one hand, they fear that if the vaccine is not given in a year, then the baby is in serious danger in the future. On the other hand, there is a fear that the baby will not tolerate the vaccination.

Why is vaccination needed?

Doctors do not get tired of repeating that one injection can save the baby from many pathologies. The great advantage of vaccination is that such a preventive measure can protect the baby from ailments that are no longer even remembered.

The baby is born with passive innate immunity. If the baby is breastfed, then the immature body receives maternal antibodies. This makes his immune system stronger. To increase the protective forces allows hardening and good nutrition.

However, such measures are not enough. After all, the baby also needs acquired immunity. It is a necessary addition to the natural. It can only be obtained through vaccination. That is why vaccination at 1 year must be done. After all, acquired immunity cannot be obtained by other methods.

Do you need a yearly vaccination? Measles, rubella, parotitis are diseases that are rare today. To make a choice, we will consider separately each ailment and the consequences to which they can lead. Indeed, without vaccination, no child can be protected from serious pathologies.

Measles is a disease with consequences

The viral infection is airborne. A baby can become infected from a sneezing, coughing or just talking person. In this case, the measles virus is able to spread over large areas.

The disease is characterized by the following symptoms:

• hyperthermia (above 39 ° C);
• cough;
• runny nose;
• serious condition;
• conjunctivitis;
• the appearance of a rash.

The infection is highly contagious. When in contact with a sick child, the probability of catching the disease is 95-96%.

In infants under one year old, measles is extremely rare. After all, maternal antibodies protect the baby. But after 9-12 months they disappear from the body of the baby. And the child becomes defenseless against a serious illness. To protect the baby from the disease, a vaccine is prescribed at 1 year.

Toddlers who have not received such vaccinations are at serious risk, not only in childhood. They can become infected as adults. During such a period, the disease is much more difficult to tolerate and often leaves behind a bunch of complications.

Among them:

• pneumonia;
• otitis;
• convulsions as a result of hyperthermia;
• blood diseases;
• temporary state of immunodeficiency.

A weakened body can become easy prey for any viral ailments. Therefore, think carefully before refusing to vaccinate. After all, vaccinating a child at 1 year old is simply vital.

Why is rubella dangerous?

This is another viral disease transmitted by air. Babies carry the disease in a mild or moderate form.

The main symptoms of the disease are:

• high temperature (about 38 ° C);
• general malaise;
• headache;
• an increase in lymph nodes in the neck and ears;
• conjunctivitis (only sometimes);
• small rash (initially occurs on the sides of the body, arms, legs).

The disease rarely causes complications. In some cases, encephalitis may develop. Pathology is extremely dangerous for pregnant women. After all, this infection causes damage to all tissues of the fetus. A child who has not been vaccinated in a year can be a serious threat to a woman who is expecting a baby. In addition, it is dangerous for a grown girl. After all, becoming pregnant, she will not be protected from serious pathology.

Parotitis

The disease is popularly known as mumps. An airborne viral infection that affects the parotid and submandibular salivary glands. They swell considerably and lead to puffiness of the face.

The course of the disease is accompanied by symptoms:

• low temperature;
• weakness, malaise;
• glandular enlargement;
• discomfort when swallowing.

Parotitis is very dangerous with possible consequences.

An unvaccinated child may experience the following complications:

• pancreatitis;
• orchitis in boys (inflammation of the testicles, which often leads to infertility);
• meningitis, meningoencephalitis;
• oophoritis in girls (damage to the ovaries, as a result of which a woman may remain childless);
• fatal outcome.

Such situations can be avoided if the baby is vaccinated at 1 year old. Measles, rubella, mumps - ailments that do not have antiviral treatment. Therefore, the only way to protect against them is vaccination.

Post-immunization symptoms

Babies are quite easily tolerated by vaccination per year (measles, rubella, mumps). A reaction to vaccination is observed in a small number of children. According to statistics, only 10-15% of babies experience minor post-immunization symptoms. Parents should be prepared for the manifestations that are sometimes provoked by vaccination per year.

The body's response to vaccination may be as follows:

1. Elevated temperature. In babies, some time after vaccination, hyperthermia may occur. Sometimes the thermometer rises even to 39 ° C. Such symptoms can appear within 6-12 days after vaccination. As a rule, the fever lasts 1-2 days. For some babies, it can take up to 5 days. Often hyperthermia is accompanied by cough, runny nose, weakness, redness of the throat, body aches. If the child does not tolerate such a condition very well, the pediatrician will recommend giving him an antipyretic medicine: Ibuprofen, Paracetamol.
2. Allergic reaction. It appears as a rash. It should be noted that such manifestations are rare. A rash in the form of red spots covers the face, neck, hands. It can also spread to other parts of the body. Such an allergic reaction does not create a threat to the baby. The rash goes away on its own after a few days. Without causing the child much discomfort, it does not leave any traces behind.
3. Enlarged lymph nodes. This is a common symptom that occurs in a baby who has been vaccinated at the age of one. The reaction to the vaccine does not pose a threat to the health of a small patient. Some children have swollen lymph nodes throughout their body. Symptoms persist for several days. Then, just like the rest of the manifestations, it disappears without a trace.
4. Pain and swelling at the injection site. The baby may be disturbed by the area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe body into which the injection was made. Sometimes there is a slight swelling, thickening of the tissue. Pain or numbness may occur at the injection site. These symptoms are not terrible. After a few days, it passes.
5. Boys reaction. There may be pain and discomfort in the testicles. At the same time, they visually swell and look swollen. Such symptoms can cause discomfort to the baby. However, it does not pose a threat to life or reproductive function. A similar manifestation passes in a couple of days on its own.

Possible Complications

After vaccination, it is very important to monitor the well-being of the crumbs. If the child has drowsiness, a slight increase in temperature, or a slight malaise, this is a normal reaction.

It is recommended to sit in the clinic for 30 minutes after vaccination. At home, you should take your temperature several times. If it starts to rise, then the baby needs to be given an antipyretic, because in some crumbs the temperature can rise very quickly. Be sure to tell your pediatrician about any manifestations.

Serious complications are extremely rare.

Sometimes a baby may experience:

1. Allergy. A characteristic symptomatology is swelling and redness at the injection site (more than 8 cm in diameter). The pediatrician will prescribe an ointment that improves blood circulation ("Troxevasin"). For severe swelling, oral antihistamines may be recommended.
2. neurological pathologies. Febrile seizures may occur after vaccination. Such symptoms appear only against the background of high temperature. That is why it is recommended not to allow high rates and to give the baby an antipyretic medicine in a timely manner. It is best to use medicines based on paracetamol.

Contraindications to vaccination

Before the vaccination is given a year, the pediatrician must examine the child.

Vaccination may be temporarily delayed if the baby is diagnosed with:

• anemia (hemoglobin below 84 g/l);
• colds, infectious diseases;
• recent illnesses;
• mild runny nose.

Absolute contraindications to this vaccination are:

• weakened immunity (primary immunodeficiency, AIDS);
• allergy to vaccine components - Quincke's edema, anaphylactic shock.

Immunization calendar

Parents should understand that not only the above pathologies are vaccinated.

To determine which vaccinations a child is recommended for a year, you need to familiarize yourself with a special calendar compiled by leading doctors:

• 1 day - the first vaccination against hepatitis;
• from 3 to 7 days - vaccination against tuberculosis;
• 1 month - the second vaccination against hepatitis;
• 3 months - the first vaccination against whooping cough, diphtheria, tetanus (DPT) and polio;
• 4.5 months - the second vaccination with DTP + polio;
• 6 months - the third vaccination against diphtheria, tetanus, whooping cough, polio;
• 1 year - the first revaccination of the MMR (measles, mumps, rubella);
• 1.5 years - the first revaccination against tetanus, whooping cough, diphtheria, poliomyelitis;
• 20 months - the second revaccination against polio.

Brief description of vaccinations

1. BCG. It's a tuberculosis vaccine. She is one of the first to be made. The baby is vaccinated even in the hospital, since such an infection can very easily enter the body. For infection it is not necessary to have close contact with the patient. Vaccination reduces the risk of infection by almost 15 times. The injection is made in the left shoulder. After a couple of months, a small seal will appear at the injection site. BCG vaccination per year will leave a mark in the form of a neat scar. This is a guarantee that the baby's body has the necessary protection against a serious illness - tuberculosis. The injection site is strictly forbidden to lubricate with antiseptics (brilliant green, iodine). It is recommended to refrain from bath procedures on the day of vaccination.
2. DTP. Such vaccination is repeated, according to the accepted calendar, three times. In addition, the DPT vaccination is once again prescribed per year and 6 months. Such vaccination protects the baby from three extremely unpleasant ailments: tetanus, whooping cough, diphtheria. After it, all babies develop immunity. This vaccine protects the child from diphtheria for 5 years. It provides protection against whooping cough for 5 to 7 years. Eliminates the risk of tetanus for 10 years. Within 14 days after vaccination, it is recommended to limit the contact of the baby with others.
3. Hepatitis B. Such a virus can be transmitted through blood, urine, saliva. It is not easy to provide protection in the baby's body. Therefore, doctors carry out the first vaccination in the maternity hospital, when the newborn is not yet 12 hours old. The procedure is repeated at 1 month and at 6. It is recommended not to deviate from such a schedule, since the effectiveness of vaccination may be significantly reduced. Babies tolerate this vaccine much easier than other injections.
4. Polio. The virus is enteric. It is transmitted mainly through secretions. In rare cases, infection can occur through the air. It is extremely important to protect your baby from polio. After all, the disease can lead to paralysis. In addition, despite the fact that pathology is rare, a live strain of the virus still lives in nature.

The opinion of parents and doctors

According to statistics, vaccination per year (measles, rubella, mumps) is quite easily tolerated by children. The reaction, reviews of doctors and parents fully confirm this, it is insignificant. Very few children experience complications.

Doctors urge parents not to refuse mandatory vaccinations. Their opinion is supported by facts. A few years ago, parents avoided vaccinations by deliberately refusing to be vaccinated. This led to the fact that many children had a weakened immune system. As a result, an epidemic outbreak began. Statistics even cite deaths.

It is extremely rare for today's parents to refuse vaccination. Many of them, having heard about possible complications, are very worried and afraid of vaccination. But still bring their crumbs to the mandatory vaccination. At the same time, it is they who later claim that the injection was quite successful. Sometimes there is a slight increase in temperature, a slight runny nose.

Worth thinking

Parents who refuse vaccination need to clearly understand that they are responsible for the future of their baby. After all, it depends only on their decision how strong and healthy the baby will grow. Faced with a serious illness, it is extremely difficult to resist it. And you can provide protection from illness and serious consequences with one injection.

Many parents are very wary of vaccinating young children. Particularly worried about how the measles-rubella-mumps vaccine is tolerated. Expecting possible severe reactions, mothers sometimes refuse to give their child a prophylactic injection. However, these diseases are much more dangerous than short-term ailments from the vaccine.

Temperature after vaccination with measles-rubella-mumps

Doctors distinguish between two types of adverse reactions that can occur after a vaccine is given. Local - pain in the injection area, mild inflammation, "bump". Common - fever, skin rash, runny nose, cough, red throat, swollen lymph nodes, muscle and joint pain. Such consequences are sure signs of the formation of immune protection against a dangerous triad of diseases. A rise in temperature as a reaction to the measles-rubella-mumps (MMR) vaccine occurs in the first 10 days in about 15 out of 100 children.

And for some, it rises only slightly, and this is considered normal. Others may experience fever up to 39-40 degrees. Such cases are rare and are a deviation from the norm. You should not wait for the thermometer to go off scale - as soon as the temperature reaches 38-38.5 degrees, you should immediately apply an antipyretic medicine. Babies are given Cefekon candles. Paracetamol, Nimesulide, Ibuprofen are effective. High fever sometimes occurs as a reaction to the measles vaccine. It should be reduced with drugs in the form of tablets or syrups.

Rash reaction after vaccination with measles-rubella-mumps

Skin pathology that may occur after an injection is not a sign of a child having an infection, but the body's immune response to the MMR vaccine as a whole or to individual components of the drug. The reaction to the rubella vaccine in children can be manifested by a particularly violent rash. More often, small pinkish spots appear on certain areas of the face, neck, arms, back, buttocks. However, they can literally be dotted with the entire body of the child.

A rash after MMR vaccination occurs for one of three reasons: as an allergic reaction, as a result of rapid reproduction of vaccine viruses in the skin, or a temporary bleeding disorder. Rashes do not pose any danger, they always disappear on their own, so there is no need to treat the skin with any ointments. This reaction of the body is considered normal. Moreover, a child, even with a very significant rash, is not a carrier of infection and is not contagious to either other children or adults.

Respiratory effects of measles-rubella-mumps vaccination

Sometimes immunity against these infections is formed in a child, accompanied by symptoms of a cold. Among the adverse reactions to the measles-rubella-mumps vaccine may be a runny nose, cough, muscle weakness, swollen lymph nodes. The older the person being vaccinated, the more likely they are to experience joint pain. These symptoms are unpleasant, but do not pose a threat to health and do not require any treatment. You just need to be patient - all these ailments will pass on their own.

Complications of vaccination

Side effects from vaccinations can be severe. However, one should not confuse such temporary painful manifestations and complications after measles-rubella-mumps vaccination, which, although rare, do occur. This is:

• allergic reactions of varying intensity - from urticaria to anaphylactic shock;
• pneumonia;
• reactive arthritis;
• encephalitis;
• meningitis;
• myocarditis (inflammation of the heart muscle);
• glomerulonephritis.

Complications from MMR vaccinations in the form of violent allergies can be caused by antibiotics or chicken (or quail) egg protein, which are used in many vaccines. Pneumonia sometimes develops in children with chronic inflammatory processes in the respiratory organs, since the body's defenses are concentrated on the formation of immunity against the PDA.

Vaccination against measles is the protection of a child from a very early age from one of the most dangerous diseases. Measles vaccination has been shown to be highly effective in preventing infections and has reduced the rate of deaths in unfavorable cases of measles.

Before vaccination, parents should evaluate the benefits and harms of the procedure. Proper preparation of the child for vaccination will help his body cope with immunization and reduce the risk of complications.

Measles is an acute and contagious viral disease, accompanied by fever, intoxication of the body, lesions of the skin, mucous membranes and conjunctiva of the eyes.

The measles virus can infect the nervous system. This leads to the development of deadly pathologies of encephalitis and meningitis. With measles, immunity is suppressed, a bacterial infection often joins, diseases of the ENT organs develop.

Susceptibility to the virus is high at any age. Most often it occurs in children 1-5 years old. After birth, antibodies from a vaccinated or recovered mother are present in the child's body, so cases of morbidity before the age of 1 year are rare. Children who have been ill with measles acquire a stable and lifelong immunity to the disease.

The measles vaccine protects a person from a dangerous disease for 20–25 years. This is confirmed by WHO research data. Prevention of the disease and its complications in childhood guarantees the peace of mind of parents and the somatic health of the child for life.

Variants of vaccines and their composition

For specific prophylaxis of measles, a live (attenuated) measles virus is used. After it enters the body, the immune system produces antibodies aimed at eliminating the pathogen.

In Russia, monovalent and polyvalent drugs are used. Monovalent vaccines contain one active ingredient and are aimed at preventing measles only. Polyvalent preparations - a combination of an anti-measles component with vaccine components for other infections.

Measles vaccine live (VKZh)

The domestic preparation contains attenuated strains of the measles virus Leningrad-16 and Moscow-5, which are obtained by cultivation on the primary culture of Japanese quail embryos, purification and lyophilization.

1 vaccination dose contains the measles virus at least 1000 TCD 50 and gentamicin sulfate not more than 20 mcg. Before administration, the lyophilizate is diluted with a solvent of 0.5 ml.

On the 21-28th day after the introduction of the vaccine, 95% of seronegative individuals develop antibodies against the measles virus, which persist for at least 18-25 years.

An analogue of a domestically produced vaccine is Ruvax, manufactured by Aventis Pasteur S.A. The vaccine includes a weakened strain of the Schwarz measles virus.

Two-component vaccine

To combine vaccination against measles and mumps, a divaccine from the manufacturer FSUE NPO “Microgen” Russia is used.

• measles virus not less than 1000 TCD 50;
• mumps virus not less than 20,000 TCD 50;
• gentamicin sulfate no more than 25 mcg.

Vaccination with the drug is combined with a rubella vaccination.

Three-component vaccines

Combined vaccines against measles, mumps and rubella are produced only by foreign pharmacological concerns. These drugs contain three main components: weakened viruses that cause these diseases.

• Priorix, GlaxoSmithkline;
• Trimovax, Sanofi Pasteur SA;
• "MMR II", Merck & Co. (MSD).

Vaccines as excipients contain hydrolyzed gelatin, sorbitol and the antibiotic Neomycin.

Which drug is better in its action

All vaccines used in our country are approved by the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation. Regardless of the number of components and countries of production result in the same level of immunization.

Combination preparations have an advantage over monovalent vaccines:

• reduction in the number of procedures;
• minimal stress for the child;
• less risk of complications;
• reduction of post-vaccination periods.

The three-component vaccine is not used in mandatory vaccination. Therefore, you will have to buy drugs at your own expense.

All measles vaccines are interchangeable. When carrying out vaccination and revaccination with different drugs, the level of immunization does not change.

The doctor's opinion about the measles vaccine, which vaccine is more effective and has the least chance of side effects, can be seen in the video.

Indications and contraindications for vaccination

Vaccination against measles is included in the national calendar of mandatory vaccinations in the Russian Federation. It is indicated for all children and adults who have not previously been vaccinated and have not had measles.

Permanent contraindications:

• hypersensitivity to antibiotics from the aminoglycoside group;
• anaphylactic reactions of the body to the proteins of chicken and quail eggs;
• severe reaction or post-vaccination complications to a previous vaccination;
• immunodeficiencies.

In these cases, human immunoglobulin is used as a prophylactic agent. This is a preparation containing measles antibodies obtained from the blood of a donor.

Temporary contraindications:

• exacerbation of chronic pathologies (delay until remission);
• treatment with blood products (interval 6 months);
• surgical interventions (interval 1 month);
• chemotherapy (interval 3 months);
• tumors, leukemia (vaccination during remission).

Vaccination should not be carried out for infections accompanied by fever. The procedure is planned after recovery.

Pros and cons of vaccination

The advantage of vaccination against measles is the acquisition of specific immunity from the disease. Despite timely and high-quality treatment, measles mortality among young children is about 5-10% of all complicated cases.

Measles is not as harmless as many parents make it out to be. On average, 80% of cases of severe infections are complicated by:

• otitis;
• pneumonia;
• laryngitis;
• bronchitis;
• tracheitis.

These pathologies are prone to chronicity, for life forming in the child's body susceptibility to infections of the respiratory system.

Measles vaccination is a concern for future generations. The transfer of maternal antibodies reliably protects infants, in whose body any infection develops rapidly.

The disadvantage of vaccination is adverse reactions and possible complications. This is a certain risk to the health of the child, which causes fear of parents before any vaccination. The guarantee of the safety of the child is the observance of the rules of vaccination, a careful study of contraindications and preparation for vaccination.

Another disadvantage of vaccination is the possibility of an insufficient immune response. Therefore, it is impossible to completely exclude infection after vaccination. In these cases, the pathology proceeds in a mild form.

Refusal or consent to vaccination

Vaccination against measles is done only with the voluntary consent of the parents or guardians of the child until he reaches the age of majority. To do this, in the clinic, responsible persons are issued special refusal or consent forms. They contain information about vaccination, the law confirming the right of parents to refuse and the possible consequences of this decision.

The document is filled in in the name of the head of the medical institution at the place of registration. It must contain the data (F. I. O.) of the parents and the reason for the refusal. The second copy remains with the responsible persons.

Medotvod

The decision to withdraw from measles vaccination is made in the presence of contraindications. These may be individual contraindications to the components of the drug and progressive diseases.

Withdrawal from vaccination is always issued only for 6 months. Subsequently, a second examination of the child's body is carried out, according to the results of which the withdrawal is removed or extended.

Measles vaccination schedule and schedule

The first vaccination of children is carried out at the age of 1 year. Until then, the child's body is protected by the mother's antibodies. In 15% of recipients after vaccination, there is no persistent immunization. Therefore, at the age of 6 years, before school, the drug is re-introduced - revaccination.

If the timing of vaccination at the age of 1 year is missed, the vaccination can be done at 2 or 3 years. The age of revaccination remains the same - 6 years. Children of seronegative (no antibodies to the virus) mothers are vaccinated from the age of 8 months.

Unvaccinated at these ages and previously not ill adolescents are vaccinated at the age of 15-17. This is a double injection of the drug with an interval of 3 months. The same vaccination schedule is valid for adults over the age of 35.

Emergency measles prophylaxis is carried out no later than 72 hours after contact with the patient. After this time, the administration of the drug is useless.

The procedure is possible from the age of 3 months. Subsequently, infants receive the main vaccination according to the vaccination schedule.

Combination with other vaccines

Vaccination against measles can be carried out on the same day with DTP vaccination, against poliomyelitis, Hib, hepatitis B. If the vaccines are administered on different days, the interval should be at least 1 month. The frequency with the introduction of other live vaccines should be at least 1 month.

The measles vaccine can be given on the same day as the tuberculin test. If the procedures are carried out on different days, adhere to an interval of 6 weeks.

Preparation for vaccination

Before vaccination, you need to consult a pediatrician. At the same time, the doctor examines the child and conducts a survey of parents, analyzes possible contraindications for the measles vaccine. During the consultation, the pediatrician should be informed about possible changes in the child's behavior, the appearance of extraneous spots and skin rashes.

Children with chronic diseases are sent for laboratory and instrumental examinations. Patients with immunodeficiency or with a suspicion of it, an immunogram is performed.

Before vaccination, it is important to prevent possible infection of the child with other pathogens. To do this, a few days before the procedure, visits to crowded places are limited and contacts with patients are excluded.

Any vaccination is more difficult to tolerate with a full intestine. Therefore, 3 days before vaccination, the child is fed light food, preferably liquid and grated. From the diet limit foods - potential allergens. When a child has difficulty emptying, an enema is given.

Vaccination

It is advisable to plan a child's trip to the treatment room with two parents. The risk of infection in the hospital is very high. It is much better if the child before the procedure will be in the yard with one parent, and the second will stand in line.

The vaccine is injected deep subcutaneously under the shoulder blade or in the shoulder area, and for children under 1 year old on the outer surface of the thigh. After the procedure, patients are asked to stay in the clinic for 30 minutes. This is necessary for medical control over a possible systemic allergic reaction.

After vaccination, the child should be given warm water to drink, try to calm and distract. At the same time, the health worker is asked all questions regarding the post-vaccination regimen.

Post-vaccination period

After vaccination, parents should help the child's body cope with the side effects of active immunization. It is important to prevent additional infection.

Until the child's condition stabilizes, physical activity and stress are limited. Meals are organized light, mainly from liquid and semi-liquid dishes, limiting allergen foods. It is advisable not to visit children's institutions for 1-2 days, and then focus on the condition of the child.

If the body temperature is normal, the child is taken out for a walk in the park area, for no more than 1 hour. Pediatricians recommend refraining from water procedures for 2-3 days.

In the post-vaccination period, you can not:

• give the child food for 1 hour after the procedure;
• apply vitamin D for 5 days;
• use antihistamines of the first generation;
• wet for 1 day, rub, seal the injection site with a plaster;
• allow overheating, hypothermia of the child's body;
• visit crowded places.

The reaction of the body and the behavior of the child

Immediately after the introduction of the vaccine in the body of the child, active immunization begins. Therefore, it is not worth expecting that the child's condition will remain at the same level. Vaccine reactions are divided into local and general.

Local reactions occur at the injection site on the day of vaccination. Normally, this redness is not more than 8 cm and swelling is not more than 5 cm in diameter. They last 2-3 days and do not require treatment. Less commonly, the child may experience soreness and itching.

The measles vaccine is not very reactogenic. In most children, clinical manifestations are not observed. In 5–15% of children, a general reaction is noted at the peak of the activity of the vaccinal infectious process, most often from 5 to 15 days after the procedure.

This is a change in the behavior and condition of the child:

• anxiety, crying;
• sleep disturbance;
• partial or complete refusal to eat;
• muscle pain;
• minor rhinitis, cough, conjunctivitis;
• an increase in body temperature up to 39 ° C;
• unexpressed morbilliform rash.

These reactions last no more than 2-3 days.

Dangerous signs requiring medical attention

In rare cases, clinical manifestations develop that require a visit to a doctor:

• extensive allergic reaction;
• increase in body t more than 39 ° C;
• resistance t of the body after the use of antipyretics;
• the appearance of a purulent abscess at the injection site;
• convulsions with loss of consciousness;
• hypotension;
• progression of post-vaccination reactions for more than 3 days.

These are alarming signs that require medical supervision and clarification of the cause of the inadequate reaction of the body.

How to relieve side effects

With an increase in body temperature of more than 38.1 ° C and poor tolerance by her child, the use of antipyretics is acceptable. These are drugs based on ibuprofen or paracetamol in an age dose.

With severe allergic itching and a measles rash, a child can be given antihistamines: Fenistil or Zyrtec up to 2 years, Claritin for older children.

In cases of formation of a painful seal at the injection site, it is lubricated with Troxevasin or Aescusan 2-3 times a day.

Protective mode, distracting the child with calm games and long sleep will help to fight general malaise.

Possible complications and consequences

The measles vaccine is one of the safest vaccines available. Complications occur in less than 0.01% of all vaccinations:

• exacerbation of chronic allergic diseases (urticaria, angioedema);
• hemorrhagic vasculitis syndrome;
• lymphadenopathy;
• encephalitis, sclerosing panencephalitis;
• thrombocytopenia;
• toxic shock;
• arthralgia, arthritis;
• Kawasaki syndrome;
• accession of a bacterial infection.

The cause of complications is a violation of the vaccination technique, ignoring contraindications to drugs and a protective regimen after vaccination.

Opinions of pediatricians

This review has compiled answers to the most common questions about measles vaccines.

Do people who have had measles need to be vaccinated?

People who have had measles develop a strong and lifelong immunity to the disease. There is no need for vaccination.

How do you know if you have measles immunity?

To do this, you need to donate blood for analysis for the presence of specific antibodies against the measles virus. A blood test is carried out on the basis of the direction of the therapist, which indicates which immunoglobulins should be determined.

Can I get vaccinated with a cold?

The common cold itself does not interfere with immunization and does not exacerbate post-vaccination reactions. It may indicate infectious pathologies occurring in the child's body. A runny nose in a child is a reason for a close examination of the body.

Is it possible to get measles after vaccination?

The measles vaccine does not guarantee 100% immunization against the disease. Therefore, in rare cases, measles is possible. The disease of vaccinated people is milder with a lower risk of complications.

Is the child contagious after vaccination?

During vaccination, strongly weakened strains of the measles virus are introduced into the body. They are not able to be released into the environment in a significant amount, respectively, enter the body of healthy people. The child after vaccination is not contagious.

Where is vaccination done and how much does it cost?

Vaccination against measles is carried out in the clinic at the place of registration, vaccination centers and private clinics. Regardless of the status, a medical institution must have a license to carry out preventive vaccination.

In state institutions, vaccination is carried out free of charge with drugs purchased by the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation. These are mainly monovalent vaccines, but a divaccine is also being gradually introduced.

Average prices for paid vaccinations with a doctor's examination:

• ZhKV 300 rub. ;
• divaccine measles-mumps 500 rub. ;
• "Priorix" 1200 rubles. ;
• "Trimovax" 500 rubles. ;
• "MMR II" 500 rubles.

The price of vaccination may vary depending on the region of location and the pricing policy of the institution.

The common belief that all vaccinations are given to meet the annual population coverage plan is greatly exaggerated. Parents always have a choice and information in the public domain.

Each case of complications after any vaccination is recorded in Rospotrebnadzor and carefully studied. Based on them, recommendations are made on the rules for vaccination, which parents must also follow.

- one of the so-called childhood infections, the causative agent of which is extremely contagious, or, as experts say, has a high contagiousness. In order to get measles, it is not necessary to come into close contact with the patient - say, come to visit him or be nearby in public transport - the measles virus easily overcomes a distance of several tens of meters with air current, for example, along flights of stairs at home . Due to this ease of spread, measles belongs to the so-called volatile viral infections, along with rubella and chicken pox. It is because of their wide prevalence and contagiousness that most people get sick with them while still being children. After themselves, these diseases leave lifelong immunity; in other words, they, as a rule, get sick only once.

Measles: a "portrait" of the disease

For many centuries, due to its high mortality, measles was considered one of the most dangerous diseases of childhood. In Russia, every fourth child died from measles, which gave reason to call this disease the childhood plague. Preventive measures against measles have been carried out since 1916. After the development of the measles vaccine, morbidity and mortality have been reduced hundreds of times.

However, in our time, the death rate from measles is high. According to the World Health Organization, about 900,000 (!) children die of measles every year around the world.

As you know, viruses that cause infections can multiply only in certain cells of the human body, which determines the symptoms of the disease, and its severity depends on the number of cells damaged by the virus. The measles virus has a special predilection for the cells of the respiratory system, intestines, and, importantly, for the cells of the central nervous system.

Measles can be contracted at any age; among the unvaccinated, children from 1 to 5 years old are more likely to get sick. Up to a year, babies rarely get sick due to the small number of contacts and the presence of passive immunity received from the mother during pregnancy. Such immunity does not last longer than 1 year after birth. If the mother did not have measles, then the child can get sick in the first months of life.

Symptoms and course of measles

The measles virus enters the body through the mucous membrane of the respiratory tract and conjunctiva. From the moment of infection to the first symptoms of the disease, it usually takes 8-12 days, in some cases this period is extended up to 28 days. At the beginning of the disease, symptoms similar to colds appear: increasing general malaise, lethargy, headache, the child becomes tearful, refuses to eat. The patient's appearance is typical: a puffy face, reddened, watery eyes. The patient is worried about a runny nose and. The temperature rises to 39-40 ° C and does not decrease, despite antipyretic measures. On the 1-2 day of the disease, small whitish spots appear on the mucous membrane of the cheeks (it is their detection that helps the pediatrician diagnose measles even before the appearance of a widespread rash on the child's body).

And then, from 4-5 days from the onset of the disease, a gradual spread of the rash is noted: first, behind the ears, on the face, neck, over the next day, the rash appears on the trunk and arms, and on the 3rd day appears on the legs of the child. The rash is small red spots, they can merge into large spots, between which healthy skin is visible. During the spread of the rash, the temperature continues to remain elevated, the cough intensifies. In the first days of the disease, some children develop severe measles pneumonia.

In the next 3-5 days, with a favorable course, the symptoms of the disease decrease, the temperature decreases.

The course of measles and the intensity of rashes in different children, depending on the individual characteristics of the immune system, vary from mild forms to severe, life-threatening.

It should be said that the measles virus significantly weakens the immune system and this, along with damage to the mucous membranes of the respiratory tract and digestive tract, creates conditions for the attachment of a bacterial infection. The child may develop complications: inflammation of the middle ear (middle), larynx (laryngitis), up to the development of its edema (measles croup), bacterial pneumonia, etc. In one child out of 1-2 thousand cases, measles is complicated by brain damage. The most common complications occur in children under 5 years of age.

Measles prevention

The only effective way to protect a child from measles, as well as from many other infectious diseases, is vaccination.

The main place in the prevention of measles is given to active immunization, i.e. the introduction of live, highly attenuated viruses into the body. It should be noted that the vaccine virus is so weakened that it is not dangerous either for the vaccinated person or for his environment. After vaccination, a slightly weaker immunity is formed than if the child fell ill naturally, but it is enough to reliably protect your child from this disease for life.

If your unvaccinated baby over 6 months old comes into contact with someone who has measles, you can protect them by giving them a live measles vaccine within the next 2-3 days.

For the youngest children (3 to 6 months of age and older if there are contraindications for live measles vaccine), normal human immunoglobulin (a preparation containing protective antibodies obtained from the serum of measles survivors or donors) is used as an emergency prophylaxis. Such immunization is passive, antibodies introduced from the outside circulate in the child's blood for no longer than 2-3 months, after which active immunization can also be carried out.

Measles vaccination rules

Vaccination against measles is carried out twice: the first - at the age of 12-15 months, the second - at 6 years, before school. The use of a second dose of the vaccine allows you to protect those children who have not been vaccinated before, as well as those who have not developed sufficiently stable immunity after the first injection. For reference: vaccination against measles in countries with a high incidence is carried out at the age of 9 and even 6 months in order to protect infants in whom the disease is especially severe.

The timing of measles vaccination coincides with vaccination against rubella and mumps. The coincidence in time of three vaccinations at once should not confuse you: the immune system of children from a very early age successfully repels the collective attacks of a much larger number of microorganisms. The likelihood of adverse reactions when these vaccines are combined does not increase.

Below are vaccines containing a measles component and registered in Russia.

Monovaccines (measles component only):

1. Dry measles vaccine (Russia).
2. Rouvax (Aventis Pasteur, France).

Combined vaccines:

1. Mumps-measles vaccine (Russia).
2. MMP II (measles, rubella, mumps) (Merck Sharp & Dohme, USA).
3. Priorix (measles, rubella, mumps) (Smithkline Beecham Biologicals, UK).

Despite the fact that the composition of the vaccines is different, all of them showed a good level of immunogenicity (ie the ability to form immunity) and tolerability. The differences relate mainly to two aspects. Firstly, imported preparations are prepared on hen egg embryos and for this reason are contraindicated for those who have had a strong reaction to hen egg protein. Russian vaccines are devoid of this shortcoming, as they are prepared on Japanese quail embryos. True, in fairness it should be noted that severe allergic reactions to egg protein are extremely rare.

And secondly, imported drugs are produced in the most convenient combined form and protect against three diseases at once: measles, mumps (mumps) and rubella. And the combined form is a smaller amount of ballast substances, fewer injections (and therefore stress for the child), and finally, fewer visits to the doctor. In the district clinic, you will most likely be given an injection only with a domestic measles monovaccine. True, a domestic combined vaccine against measles and mumps has also been developed and has already begun to be used (although not everywhere).

Combined measles, mumps and rubella vaccines are overwhelmingly available only from pharmacies or commercial vaccination centers.

According to the instructions for the Russian monovaccine, the measles vaccine is administered subcutaneously under the shoulder blade or in the shoulder area (on the border of the lower and middle third of the upper arm from the outside). Imported vaccines, again according to the instructions, are administered subcutaneously or intramuscularly (the specific injection site is determined by the doctor). With the simultaneous use of several monovaccines, they are administered with separate syringes to different parts of the body, and combined vaccines are drawn into one syringe.

You have the legal right to choose which vaccines your child will receive, but you will be charged a fee to purchase vaccines that are not purchased by the Department of Health. You can also go to one of the many vaccination centers where you can choose from several vaccines. If the vaccination will not be carried out in your clinic, do not forget to take a certificate of its implementation so that the district pediatrician enters information about it into the child's outpatient card at the place of residence. This will save you from unnecessary questions in the future, for example, when a child enters a kindergarten or school.

General rules for parents to follow with any vaccination:

Knowing in advance about the timing of the vaccination, try to avoid contact with infections, before vaccination, do not expose the child's body to unnecessary stress (hypothermia, excessive solar exposure, change in climatic and time zones), since any stress changes the reactivity of the immune system.

Contraindications for vaccination Severe reactions or complications to a previous dose of vaccine. Severe allergic reactions to the use of aminoglycosides (all measles vaccines contain a small amount of one of the antibiotics from this group). Severe allergic reactions (anaphylactic shock) to bird eggs. Any acute illness or exacerbation of a chronic illness. We emphasize that in this case we are talking about postponing the vaccination period, and not about refusing it. However, in some cases (contact with a measles patient), children with mild forms of respiratory infections (runny nose, reddening of the throat) and recovering children can be vaccinated even if they have subfebrile (up to 37.5 ° C) temperature. Primary or secondary immunodeficiency; condition after infectious diseases, the expression of immunosuppressive (, infectious mononucleosis), within 3-4 weeks. Patients receiving treatment with drugs that weaken the immune system. Introduction of blood products (whole blood, plasma, immunoglobulin) within the last 8 weeks before the proposed vaccination. Some cancers.

Child health after vaccination

Adverse reactions to the measles vaccine are rare, and complications in vaccinated people are also very rare.

A small part of the vaccinated may experience mild adverse reactions in the form of an increase in temperature up to 38 ° C, sometimes there is also a mild rash. The listed symptoms are possible in the period from 5-6 to 12-18 (different sources give different periods) day; they keep 2-3 days. This is the natural course of the vaccination process.

After vaccination, the following complications are possible:

• Allergic reactions of varying severity. If there is a possibility of their development, it should be 10-12 days before vaccination and for the same time after it, give the child an antihistamine at the age dosage given in the annotation for a particular drug.
• Convulsions against the background of fever in children predisposed to them. To prevent them, your doctor may prescribe paracetamol.
• The defeat of the central nervous system, its probability is very small (1 in a million cases of vaccination).

It can be added that the complications developed after vaccination proceed in a much milder form than after natural measles.

Measles vaccine and pregnancy

Measles is dangerous for pregnant women - in 20% of cases, measles during pregnancy is complicated by abortion, fetal malformations. Since the measles vaccine contains live viruses, pregnancy is a contraindication for vaccination.

Recall that contact with a child who has symptoms of measles infection after vaccination is safe for others, including pregnant women.

A few words in conclusion

At the beginning of the article, a terrible figure was given - 900 thousand children dying from measles annually. Unbelievable as it may seem, only 100 (!) cases of measles were registered in the USA for the whole of last year. In this country, measles is on the verge of complete elimination. And this success was achieved solely thanks to widespread vaccination. Let's take care of our children.

Mikhail Kostinov, Head of the Center for Immunoprophylaxis at the Research Institute of Vaccines and Serums named after A.I. I. I. Mechnikova, MD

Discussion

Hello young mothers, I am from the city of Irkutsk, my daughter is 6 years old in May, we have never been vaccinated, then she said in cancer that it was necessary to vaccinate against measles, we did, and what should we do? She blushed and inside like a purulent pimple, a week has passed and she does not go away, what should I do in this situation?

21.09.2018 19:51:28, Sakha

Tanya, The timing of the standard vaccination of a child may coincide with the moment when parents first notice his autistic symptoms. Concerns about the role of vaccines have led in some countries to lower levels of immunization among the population, raising the risk of measles outbreaks. At the same time, the vast majority of scientific studies have not found a link between the MMR vaccine and autism, as well as convincing scientific evidence of the effect of thimerosal added to vaccines on the risk of developing autism.

06/23/2014 07:40:32 AM, TatyanaR

We became silent after the vaccination and now we have dysarthria and ONR!! level. And now the doctors again insist on another vaccination.

10/26/2012 09:59:34, MartaL

my child was vaccinated against measles at 6 years old. the nurse did not enter vaccination data into the child's vaccination card. At school, without warning parents at the age of 7, the child is re-vaccinated against measles and ADS. What threatens such a layering of vaccinations? Should medical professionals be held accountable for such negligence?

02.11.2008 20:34:58, Galina

In the United States, different states have different approaches to vaccinations. in some schools the child will not be taken to school without vaccinations, in some - you can sign a statement that you are aware that the child may get sick.
a simple parental dilemma: knowingly putting a child at risk of autism or other complications from vaccination, or exposing a child to infection. unfortunately, there is no cure for autism, but measles (if you live in a civilized country) will be treated.
As for Austria, ask yourself why the doctor does not consider it necessary to vaccinate? it is possible that doctor-controlled measles is safer for your child than uncontrolled vaccine-induced measles.

08/22/2008 05:24:04, Maria

My eldest son (15 years old) was once vaccinated against measles and we have no problems in terms of health. Thanks to our doctors! Now I have a daughter who is 21 months old. Today I read an article that a measles epidemic has appeared in Austria, and we now live in Austria. I looked at my child's vaccination card and it turned out that she did not have a measles vaccine. I called the doctor, and she tells me that they do not need this vaccination. I'm shocked! She demanded that my child be vaccinated against measles, motivated by the fact that there is now an epidemic in Salzburg and Upper Austria. I agreed with great reluctance. I have to pay for everything and I have to buy the vaccine myself. And here in Ukraine this was done free of charge and the parents did not even delve into it, the doctors themselves monitored the health of their wards. Free medicine in our country was much better than their (Western) very expensive. And our doctors have great knowledge and experience.

04.11.2007 23:24:58, Sonya

Vaccination against measles can also give complications to the testicles!!! Therefore, the risk remains anyway! It is necessary to harden children, and not to prick them with all sorts of dirty tricks (IMHO)!

10/15/2007 02:21:52 PM, dzadza

the article is very capacious. But I myself am now faced with the problem of complications after vaccination. My George is currently 1 year and 3 days old. He was vaccinated 4 days ago and still has a rash. But more than one doctor did not diagnose us with "Complications after vaccination." I myself draw conclusions in favor of this diagnosis. We are being treated for a sore throat (when there was a temperature) from diathesis (when a rash appeared). SO WHAT IS OUR DOCTORS' STUPIDITY OR THEIR INDIFFERENCE? Now I am sure, thanks to your article, in the correctness of my diagnosis.

04/14/2007 04:11:35 PM, svktlana

Wow, what an old article got out :) How nice it is to read so many smart people in the conference - where are they all now? Just degradation...

mamaroma, where did you get the information that "that parotitis is the cause of male infertility, another myth" ??? You are a doctor? Parotitis in males tends to give complications to the testicles, and at an older age the risk of complications increases. There may or may not be a complication, you never know 100%. So why take the risk? If your husband was lucky, mumps passed without complications, then why put other children at risk with your statements? If, God forbid, someone has this complication, you will not take responsibility ... No need for unsubstantiated.

02/03/2007 14:09:29, Traum

It is strange to read about the "terrible" disease rubella and mumps. Completely unnecessary vaccinations. The fact that parotitis is the cause of male infertility is another myth! I personally know men (my husband is one of them) who have been ill with mumps and have wonderful children. Measles is indeed a dangerous disease, but its consequences can be no less dangerous! Don't wait for advice from your local doctor! They write correctly above, in order to survive in our country, you need to think and make a decision yourself! Sincerely,

Doctors believe that the best treatment for infection is not antiviral therapy, but timely prevention. In most cases, the only protection against measles is vaccination. Thanks to this preventive method (immunization), the incidence of measles has decreased by 85%.

Measles vaccination: why is it needed, how it works

Measles is considered a dangerous disease for the following reasons:

1. up to 40 degrees (sometimes even higher).
2. The appearance of specific signs of infection (rash all over the body, photophobia, swelling of the eyelids,).
3. A sharp decrease in immunity, which provokes the occurrence of various complications.
4. The ability to infect others up to 4 days after the first rash appears in the patient.
5. The likelihood of infection from the third month of life.
6. Severe course of the disease in children under 5 years of age.
7. Probability of death.

Even vaccination does not give one hundred percent guarantee that a person will not get measles. Only in vaccinated children this disease occurs in a milder form. The purpose of vaccination is to protect children under 5 years of age, because at this age the likelihood of complications is quite high.

The measles vaccine aims to:

• limiting the circulation of the virus in nature;
• reduction in mortality;
• epidemic prevention.

Do I need to be vaccinated against measles, says Dr. Komarovsky:

Vaccination schedule: when to do it, how many times

The vaccination schedule depends on the case in which it is carried out (planned, urgent). If vaccination is planned, it is performed from 12 to 15 months of a baby's life. In the absence of contraindications, re-vaccination is done at 6 years. Usually, the baby is vaccinated at the same time against rubella, mumps, because the measles vaccine can be combined with many others.

Revaccination is carried out simultaneously with the mantoux test. It is best to do mantoux before the measles vaccine or after 6 weeks after it. In the presence of emergency indications, they are done simultaneously. Children are usually vaccinated twice, but in some cases it is necessary to change the timing of vaccination:

1. Infection with measles of someone close.
2. When a baby is born from a mother who does not have antibodies to the causative agent of measles, the child is re-vaccinated at 8 months. This is necessary to reduce unpredictable infection. The next vaccination is carried out at 14-15 months, then according to the vaccination schedule.
3. Sometimes vaccinations are given 6 months after the birth of the baby (in developing countries).

In total, measles vaccines are given to a person during his life 3-5:

• in year;
• 6 years;
• 15 - 17 years;
• 30 years.

If the first vaccination is done at 9 months, then the second one is done and then according to the schedule.

Vaccination Schedule

Is vaccination required? Is it necessary if you have already had measles?

All vaccinations given to children require parental consent. Vaccinations must be documented. Parents give consent to the vaccination after the child has been examined by a doctor. If they do not agree to the vaccination of the child, they should sign a written refusal in two copies. The doctor will paste one refusal in the outpatient card, the second - in the magazine on immunization of the population.

Doctors say that people who have had measles develop lifelong immunity. Vaccination provides only temporary protection. It is recommended to do revaccination every 12-13 years.

What vaccine is used

In countries where mumps and rubella are considered a problem, vaccines for these infections are often combined. Measles vaccination is effective as a single vaccine, as well as in the form of a combined preparation.

In Russia, doctors use the following types of vaccine:

• Live measles vaccine.
• Divaccine (mumps-measles cultural live).
• Ruvax (French vaccine).
• "M-M-R II MMR-II" (live trivalent).
• "Priorix" (live vaccine trivalent.

Imported vaccines are distinguished by the presence of trace concentrations of chicken egg protein, because the virus used to prepare the vaccine is cultivated in this environment.

The Russian vaccine is produced by cultivating an attenuated strain of the measles virus in a medium from a primary cell culture of quail embryos. The domestic vaccine is considered to be of better quality due to the lack of a vivid reaction to the vaccine in the form of fever (38.5 degrees and above), a rash.

How to prepare

What can I do to better tolerate the measles vaccine?

1. For vaccination, a child, an adult must go absolutely healthy.
2. Complete a full examination with a doctor, pass the prescribed tests.
3. After vaccination, you need to wash carefully, do not rub the injection site (the advantage should be given to the soul).
4. After the injection, visits to crowded places should be limited (about 3 days).
5. Do not include new foods in the child's diet after vaccination. This can provoke an allergic reaction.
6. It is important to tell your doctor if you have a protein allergy.

Questions about vaccination

Where are they vaccinated? A grafting dose of 0.5 ml is administered to such places:

• under the shoulder blade;
• the outer part of the shoulder (the border of the middle and lower thirds).

What is the duration of measles protection? Doctors cannot give a definite answer. In fixed cases, immunity lasted for 25 years, sometimes longer. There have also been cases where protection against measles lasted only 12 years.

Where can you get the measles vaccine? Vaccination is carried out in the vaccination room of the clinic at the place of residence (work). You need to find out the schedule of the office, whether there is a vaccine available. It is advisable to sign up for vaccinations. The measles vaccine is free.

Dangerous consequences of vaccination:

Reaction to the vaccine

After vaccination, the following reactions usually appear:

1. Temperature increase. The thermometer readings may increase on the first day or after 5 to 15 days. The duration of the temperature reaction is 1 - 4 days. It is necessary to bring down the temperature ("Ibuprofen", "Paracetamol"), otherwise immunity will not form. High temperatures can trigger seizures;
2. (after combined vaccination). In 2% of those vaccinated, a small papular rash develops. It appears on the 5th - 15th day. Rashes cover the entire body or certain areas (neck, behind the ears, face, arms, buttocks). Treatment is not required, the rash will go away on its own.

Less often after vaccination appear:

If you have a reaction to the vaccine, you should consult a doctor. He may prescribe antiallergic drugs, (depending on the situation).

Contraindications to vaccination

There are 2 types of contraindications for measles vaccination:

• temporary;
• permanent.

Of the temporary contraindications, we indicate:

• tuberculosis;
• acute period during any chronic disease;
• the introduction of blood products, immunoglobulins;
• pregnancy.

After recovery, childbirth can be vaccinated. If blood products were administered, vaccination is allowed after a month.

Permanent contraindications are:

• the presence of a tumor;
• allergy to aminoglycoside antibiotics ("", "Kanamycin", "Neomycin");
• severe reaction to a previous vaccination;
• allergy to chicken protein and quail egg protein.

Possible complications and consequences

After vaccination, complications of the following types may occur:

1. Associated with a violation of the technique of vaccination.
2. Individual intolerance to any of the components of the drug.
3. The introduction of a poor-quality vaccine.

Under the influence of the vaccine, the vaccinated person (child, adult) may experience the following adverse reactions:

• pneumonia;
• allergic manifestations (urticaria, anaphylactic shock);
• panencephalitis, encephalitis;
• abdominal pain (they are explained by the exacerbation of chronic diseases);
• exacerbation of allergic diseases (allergodermatosis, bronchial asthma);
• convulsions;
• glomerulonephritis;
• late bacterial complications;
• decrease in the number of platelets in the blood;
• toxic shock (this complication is due to contamination of the vaccine with microorganisms. Most often staphylococci.